Electromechanical vibrator



3, 1948. R. ADLER K 2,435,487

ELECTROMECHANICAL VIBRATOR Filed Feb. 1, 1943 sheets-sheet 1 FIG. l v FG- 2 FIG. 3 FIG. 4

INVENTOR ROBERT ADLER Feb. 3|, R ADLER 2,435,487

ELECTROMECHANICAL VIBRATOR` Filed Feb. l, 1943 8 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG. 5 Flc. 6

FIG. 7

FIG. 8

lNVENTOR ROBERT ADLER HIS A TORNEY Feb. 3, 1948. R. ADLER 2,435,487

ELECTROMECHANICAL VIBRATOR Filed Feb. 1, 1943 8 Sheets-Sheet 3 CIRCULARLY MAGNETIZED Flaws INVENTOR ROBERT ADLER BY @A )714% HIS A TORNEY Feb. 3, 1948. R. ADLER A2,435,487

ELEGTROMECHANICAL VIBRATOR Filed Feb. l, 1945 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 /lgo EQl//I/HLENT CIRCUIT FIG. I9 FIG. 2O

INVENTOR ROBERT ADLER HIS TORNEY Feb. 3, 1948. R. ADLER 2,435,487

ELECTROMECHANIGAL VIBRATOR Filed Feb. l, 1943 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 ROBERT ADLER Feb. .3, 19.48. R. ADLER 2,435,487

' ELEGTROMEHANIcfmJ VIBRAToR Filed Feb. `1, 1943 8 sheets-sheet 6 FIG. 23K

HIS ATTORNEY Feb. 3, 1948. R. ADLER Y 2,435,487

ELECTROMECHANICAL*vniBRAToR Filed Feb. 1, 194% 8 sheets-sheet 7 FIG. 24 /240 /'245 24| .INVENTOR ROBERT. ADLER Feb. 3, 194.8.

R. ADLER ELEc'iRoMEcHANIcAL vIBRAToR Filed Fb. 1, 194s FIG. '28

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FERMA/VEN 7' CIRCUIT 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 INVENTOR HIS A TORNEY Patented Feb. 3, 1948 2.435.481 ELEcrBoMEcmNrcAL vmaa'roa Robert Adler, Chicago, Ill., asslgnor to Zenith Radio Corporation, a corporation of Illinois Application February l, 19,43, Serial No. 290

(Cl. Z50-36) 33 Claims.

This invention relates to mechanical oscillating systems, and more particularly to such systems in which energy is transferred between an electrical circuit and a mechanically resonant body.

Heretofore, naturally occurring quartz and tourmaline crystals have been cut into small bodies capable of oscillation at high frequencies in the order of one-quarter megacycle and upward. Such crystals, suitable for forming such high frequency mechanical oscillators, are not common and, after being properly cut and ground to shape, are very expensive.

Attempts have been made in the past to provide other types of mechanical systems capable of vibrating at high frequencies of the order of onehalf megacycle and upwards. Such attempts have not in general been successful. It is very desirable, because of the scarcity of suitable naturally formed crystals for the manufacture of quartz crystal oscillators, that a cheap, easily constructed mechanical vibrator be provided which is capable of oscillating at highfrequencies of the order of one-quarter megacycle and upward. Such mechanical oscillating systems are very desirable for use in oscillation generators and the like in which a high degree of frequency stability must be maintained.

It is, accordingly, an object of my invention to provide a new and improved mechanical oscillating system capable of oscillating at high frequencies of the order of one-quarter megacycle and upwards.

It is a corollary object of my invention to provide such a new and improved mechanical oscillating system which is cheap and easily constructed of materials which are readily attainable.

When naturally formed crystals, such as'quartz crystals, are so cut that they are capable of acting piezo-electrically at a predetermined frequency to maintain constant frequency operation of an oscillator, they have an undesirable characteristic when used as a filter, in that not only currents of such predetermined frequency, but also currents of other discrete frequencies, are transmitted, often near the predetermined frequency. Such undesired frequency responses of a crystal sometimes cause it to oscillate, when used in an oscillator circuit, at undesired fre quencies, and frequently cause the crystal to be useless when it is employed as a filter.

It is a further object of my invention to provide a new and improved mechanical oscillating system in which such spurious responses at frequencies near the desired frequency either do not exist at all or exist in such small amounts at frequencies so far spaced from the desired frequency as' to have no effect on its operation.

It is similarly an object of my invention to provide a new and improved mechanical oscillating system which is highly useful when driven electrically as an electrical filter system.

It is also an object of my invention to provide new and improved means for exciting such a mechanical oscillating system into oscillation and further to maintain it in continuous undamped oscillation at its stable frequency. It is still further an object of my invention to provide a new and improved holder for such a mechanical oscillating system associated with means for exciting it from an electrical circuit, and with means for maintaining the system at a constanttemperature.

It is another object of my invention to provide such a system which is ail'ected in minimum v amounts by changes of ambient temperature.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for vibrating a metallic body.

The features of my invention which I believe to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. My invention itself, both as to its organization and manner of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

Figures 1 through 14 are illustrations of various modifications of my invention:

Figures l5 through 20 are circuit diagrams illustrating various characteristics of oscillation generating circuits including my invention;

Figures 21 through 25 are details of various views of a preferred embodiment of my invention;

Figures 26 and 27, respectively illustrate an equivalent circuit and an actual circuit for an embodiment of my invention;

Figure 28 illustrates still another embodiment of my invention: and

Figures 29 and 30, respectively, illustrate circuits suitable for use with the embodiment ofl Figure 28,

In Figure 1 the two opposite poles i0 and i I of a magnet face each other across a gap i2 through which magnetic flux is forced by the magnetomotive force of the magnet poles i0 and Il. Lines I3 extending between the poles lil and il represent such magnetic ilux. The magnetomotive force giving rise to such ilux between the poles Il! and II may be. provided by permanent magnetization of the poles, or may beinduced by electromagnetic action. It is preferred for the sake of simplicity that this magnetomotive force be set up by permanent magnetization in the magnetic circuit connecting the two poles I and II.

A looped conductor having parallel legs Il and I is placed in the gap I2 so that the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the magnetic flux line I3. A regularly shaped thin piece 20 of conducting material, which is not ferromagnetic, and which may be formed of aluminum or copper, for example, is placed in the gap I2 between poles I0 and II with its maior dimensions lying in a plane substantially parallel to the plane ow the looped conductor I4, I5.

Arrows I6 and I1 indicate that current ilows in through the leg I5 and out through leg Il of the looped conductor. The oval 2I upon the conductive body 20, with its arrowheads, indicates that current flows in the body 20. It is a well known fact that alternating current flowing in a loop induces an alternating voltage and a resulting alternating current in an adjacent conducting loop. 'I'he arrows I5 and I'I and the oval 2I are intended to represent such current, the current 2I being substantially of opposite phase to the current I6, Il in the looped conductor I4, I5. 'Ihe arrows I5 and I'I and the arrowheads in the oval 2I represent flow of current in the system at a particular instant when the alternating currents are of substantial intensity different from zero.

Since the flux lines I3 pass through the body 20 in a direction perpendicular to the major faces of the body 20, flow of the current 2l in the body 20 is accompanied by forces acting at the instant of existence of currents I 5, I'l and 2I generally as indicated by the arrows 22 and 23. On the near side of the conductive body 20 current flows in the loop 2I from left to right, and flux I3 passes downwardly between the magnet poles I0 and I I, so that a resulting force tends to move the front edge of the body 20 backwards, as indicated by arrows 23. Similarly, the current 2I flowing in the back edge of the conductive body 20 from right to left through the flux I3 is accompanied by a force tending to move the back edge of the conductive body 20 toward its front edge, as indicated by the arrows 22.

At an instant of time when currents I6, I'l and 2| are flowing in directions opposite to those indicated, reaction between the current 2| and flux I3 is in opposite directions so that the forces 22 and 23 are oppositely directed from those illustrated. That is, at such instant of time forces 22 tend to move the back edge of the body backward and forces 23 to move the front edge of the body forward.

Under the influence of periodic forces suitably applied to the body 20, that body is capable of oscillation in any direction along the body in which there is a maximum or minimum motional impedance. One such possible direction of oscillation is indicated by the arrows 22 and 23 in Figure 1, in which the two long edges of the body 20 move alternately toward and away from each other. Another possible mode of vibration is that in which the other two opposite edges of the major faces of the body 20 move alternately toward and away from each other.

Either such mode of oscillation of the body 20 may be excited by the structure shown in Figure 1. When the alternating current flowing through the looped conductor Il, Il has a frequency equal to the natural frequency of oscillation of the body 20 in either such mode of oscillation, the body 20 is maintained in continuous mechanical oscillation. When either such mode of oscillation is maintained continuously, it is found that the current flow produced through the looped conductor Il, I5 is less than the current flow produced through that conductor by alternating voltage of any other frequency, 'I'hat is, the electrical impedance of the structure shown in Figure 1, measured across the terminals of the looped conductor I4, I5, is a maximum at the natural frequency of vibration of the body 20. It is preferred to use alternating current in conductor Il, I5 of such frequency as to maintain body 20 in continuous oscillation at the frequency determined by its width dimension, that is, in the mode illustrated. It has been found that high value of reflected motional impedance particularly useful at high frequencies can so be obtained. The term reflected motional impedance is explained more fully in connection with Figure l5.

The electrical characteristics of this structure of Figure 1 are set forth more fully hereinafter, as are also the electrical characteristics of various modifications of the structure of Figure 1.

It is important to note that the configuration of the body 20 is such that the forces represented by the arrows 22 and 23 act on substantially all of the mass of the body 20. That is, excitation of substantially every incremental part of the vibrating body 20 is achieved by reason of the fact that the current 2| flows as a sheet through substantially all of body 20 and reacts with flux I3 at substantially all points in the body. To this end the body 20 is made very thin in the direction of the flux lines I3, and bears an inductive relation with the looped conductor I4, I5 such that each half of thebOdy 20 is substantially filled by a current sheet of substantial density flowing in one direction, substantially parallel to the adjacent long edge of the body 20.

It should also be noted that, although the exciting conductor I4, I5 in Figure 1 has been shown as a single turn, it is within the scope of my invention to utilize an exciting conductor having many turns electromagnetically coupled with the body 20. It will, in fact, usually be desired to utilize such an exciting conductor of many turns in most situations.

It has been found that the various electrical and mechanical factors influencing oscillation, such as moduli of elasticity and electromechanical coupling within the body 20, are especially favorable when the body 20 is formed of aluminum or molybdenum, and when the flux I3 between the poles I0 and II has a strength of at least 5,000 to 10,000 gauss. Oscillator-s oflthis type have been constructed which operate at frequencies as high as 2.8 megacycles. The frequency variation of such oscillators is dependent in substantial degree upon temperature variations, so that it is usually desirable to maintain these oscillators at constant temperature. The quality factor, or Q of such an oscillating system is very high. When the body 20 is constructed of aluminum the quality factor is between 5,000 and 10,000 and with molybdenum it is over 10,000. A complete structure such as that illustrated in Figure l, including the permanent magnet field structure, the oscillating body 20, and the exciting conductor, can be readily constructed so as to weigh about four ounces.

quency is substantially determined by the characteristic dimension which is of intermediate magnitude, that is, the width dimension of the body. Relatively high reflected motional impedances particularly useful at high frequencies can so be obtained. The body 20 vibrates at a definite frequency determined by its width dimension, and is excited in substantially every incremental portion of its mass by reason of the fact that its thickness dimension is small. It is advantageous to keep the length dimension substantially longer than the other two in order that vibration of the body shall produce a desirable electrical effect at the ends of conductor Il, I5. That is, the electrical impedance measured at the terminals of that conductor I 4, I5 is high at a. frequency near the natural frequency of vibration of the body 20 when the body oscillates in a mode determined by its intermediate dimension, that is, its width dimension and its length dimension is substantially greater than its width.

In Figure 2 a somewhat similar structure is shown which operates on different principles. In this structure certain elements are identical with those illustrated in Figure 1, and are given like reference characters. Instead of a conductive body 20, as illustrated in Figure 1, a similarly shaped ferromagnetic body 35 having three different dimensions and arranged for vibration in a mode determined by its intermediate dimension is utilized in much the same spaced relation. The term ferromagnetic body means one capable of having magnetic poles induced in it in the presence of magnetic ux. Since the body 30 is ferromagnetic, being formed of some material such as iron, it is magnetically polarized by the flux I3 and the gap I2 between the poles III and II, and magnetic poles form on its opposite faces as indicated in Figure 2. As illustrated, the upper face of the ferromagnetic body 30 becomes a south magnetic pole, and the lower face a north magnetic pole. Also, in addition to the looped conductor I4, I5 between body 30 and pole II, another similar looped conductor I8 is similarly placed between body 30 and pole I0.

Current flowing, as illustrated, through the looped conductor including legs I4 and I5 into leg I5 and out of leg I4 forms a magnetic field at the right lower edge of the ferromagnetic body 30, such that a north magnetic pole tends to move in a counter-clockwise direction around the leg I4 of the conductor as indicated in Figure 2. Similarly, at the lower left edge of the body 30, the magnetic eld is such, due to the current flowingv in the leg I5, that a north magnetic pole tends to move clockwise around the leg I5. Resultant forces are therefore produced when current flows in the leg I5 and back out the leg I4, as illustrated, which tend to move the right and left-hand edges of the body 30 toward each other, since the south magnetic poles on the upper surface of the body 30 are to a large extent shielded from the action of the magnetic flux produced by current in the looped conductor I4, I5.

6 In similar fashion, current owing, as illustrated, through the looped conductor I8 into the left-hand leg and out the right-hand leg forms a magnetic field at the right upper edge oi' the ferromagnetic body 80, such that a south magnetic pole tends to move in a clockwise direction around the right-hand leg of the conductor I8. Also, at the upper left edge of the body 80, the magnetic field is such, due to the current flowing in the left leg of conductor I8, that a, south magnetic pole tends to move counter-clockwise around the left leg -of conductor I8. Resultant forces are therefore produced when current flows in the conductor I8, as illustrated, which forces tend to move the right and left-hand edges of the body 30 toward each other, since the north magnetic poles on the lower surface of the body 30 are to a large extent shielded from the action of the magneticyflux produced by current in the looped conductor I 8.

Since the forces on the upper and lower surfaces of the body 38 act together, when current flows as illustrated through conductors Il, I5 and I8 the body 30 tends to become smaller in its width dimension.

A reversal of the current flowing through the two looped conductors I4, I5 and I8 produces a reversal of such forces, which thereupon tend to move the edges of the body apart. When the current in the looped conductors is periodically reversed at a frequency equal to a natural frequency of mechanical vibration of the body 30, the body 30 is maintained in vibration. and the electrical impedance of the structure shown in Figure 2, measured across the terminals of the looped conductor including arms I4 and I5, is affected in the same manner as the impedance of the structure illustrated in Figure 1. The ferromagnetic body has several different possible modes of vibration, similarly to the conductive body 20 of Figure 1.

In Figure 2, inasmuch as current flows through coil I8 and the coil comprising legs Il, I5 in the manner indicated, such coils may be supplied with current from the same source and for purposes of the present specifications these conductors may be considered as one coil.

It is important to note with the structure of Figure 2, as noted with the structure of Figure l, that the ferromagnetic body 80 must be thin, so that the electromagnetically induced forces are effective substantially throughout the entire mass of the body. When this condition is assured, coupling between the exciting electrical circuit and the body is most efcient, and internal friction in the body itself is sufficiently small even at very high frequencies to produce only a small amount of damping within the body relative to the energy accumulated in the mechanical oscillation of the body, whereby the body oscillates strongly at a definite frequency. Such an electrical exciting circuit IOA for producing high frequency oscillations may be connected to the coil I8 and the coil comprising legs I4, I5 in a manner similar to the way the vibrator of Figure 1 is connected as shown in Figures 15 and 16. The connected coils I4, I5. I8 may as in Figures 16 and 17 be connected by a coupling condenser I35A to the primary winding IMA of a coupling transformer the secondary winding ISBA of which may be coupled to the high frequency electrical exciting circuit IIIA which circuit may be an oscillatory circuit of the type shown in Figure 16.

It is of course to be understood that the entire mass of an oscillating body excited In accordance with my invention is not excited into oscillation, although substantially all of the mass is so excited. The reason why all of the mass is not excited may be explained by reference to the body 20 in Figure 1, in connection with which it is clear that a central portion of the body 20 carries substantially no current represented by the loop 2|, and so is not excited. In similar fashion the body 30 in Figure 2 is not centrally excited because of the fact that there is no reaction in such central portions between an induced magnetic pole and alternating flux caused by current flow in the conductors I4, I 0r I8. It is therefore to be understood that I mean by saying that the vibrating body is excited in substantially every incremental portion of its mass that at least a very large part of the body is acted upon directly by exciting forces. It is only by such efficient excitation that desirable electric characteristics can be attained, which make possible the maintenance of continuous oscillation of such bodies at high frequencies above a quarter megacycle.

In Figure 3 there is illlustrated another modification of my invention in which certain elements are identical with those illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 and are given like reference characters. In the gap 2 between poles I0 and I I through which the flux I3 passes, a conductor 3| is placed in a plane at right angles to the direction of the fiux I3. As illustrated by the arrows 32 and 33, current passes through this conductor` 3| from right to left. At a little distance from the conductor 3|, parallel to the conductor 3|, and parallel to the flux I3 in the gap I2, there is placed a magnetostrictive body 34 whose dimensions are small in directions perpendicular to the conductor 3| and perpendicular to the flux i3. By the term magnetostrictive body is meant one whose dimensions change when the body is in the presence of a magnetic field.

Assuming that the material of which the body 34 is formed is such that its dimensions decrease in directions parallel to magnetic lines of force within which the body lies, current flowing through the conductor 3| from right to left, as indicated by the arrows 32 and 33, produces a magnetic field through the body 34 of which a component adds to the field I3 flowing through the body 34 between the poles IU and I I, resulting in a set of forces, represented by the arrows 35, which tend to move the two edges of the body 34 nearest the poles IU and II toward each other.

Upon a reversal in the direction of current flow through the conductor 3| from that indicated by the arrows 32 and 33, the resultant magnetic field within which the body 34 lies is weakened, instead of being strengthened as previously, and its two edges nearest the poles lli and II are subject to forces which tend to move those edges away from each other. If the flow of current through the conductor 3| be reversed alternately at a frequency equal to a natural frequency of vibration of the body 34 in that mode which may be called the width" mode, the frequency being determined by tlie width dimension of the body, mechanical oscillations of the body 34 are electromagnetically induced. Since substantially the entire mass of the body 34 is excited by the electromagnetically induced forces into such oscillation, electromechanical coupling between the conductor 3| and the body 34 is favorably large and the body 34 may be maintained in continuous oscillation even though it oscillates at high frequencies. The impedance of the structure as measured between the ends of the conductor 3|, is affected in a way similar to that of the structures illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

I have so far described three general types of electromechanical vibrating systems, illustrated in Figures 1. 2 and 3. 'I'he system illustrated in FI8- ure i` is maintained in sustained electromechanical vibration by reason of the reaction between a fixed magnetic field and a current, induced from a driving source and fiowing in a vibrating body which is made of conductive material. The system illustrated in Figure 2 is maintained in sustained electromechanical vibration by reason of the reaction between an alternating electromagnetic field, driven from a source of alternating voltage, and magnetic poles induced in an electromechanically vibrating body by a xed magnetic eld. the vibrating body being of ferromagnetic material. The system illustrated in Figure 3 is maintained in sustained electromechanical vibration by reason of alternate changes in dimensions of the body caused by magnetostrictive effect from alternating changes in the intensity of an electromagnetic fied in which the body lies, the vibrating body being formed of material which is subject to magnetostriction.

In Figure 4, I illustrate another modification of my invention, somewhat similar to that shown in Figure 3, and in which certain elements, identical with those illustrated in the preceding figures, are given like reference characters. In the system here illustrated, sustained mechanical oscillation is maintained by reason of the magnetostrictive effect produced in a vibrating body by a composite field formed of a fixed magnetic field and an alternating magnetic field differently directed and driven from a source of alternating voltage. In the space I2 in which the magnetic field Il exists between poles III and II a conductor 4I| is arranged so that it lies substantially parallel to the lines of force in the magnetic field I3. A thin magnetostrictive body 4| is also placed in the space I2 between poles I0 and II with its major faces parallel to the conductor 40 and with its edges respectively parallel and perpendicular to the lines of force of the magnetic eld i3.

Current flowing toward pole I0 through the conductor 40, as illustrated, produces a cylindrical magnetic field around the conductor 40 of which a substantial component passes through the body 4| from right to left as viewed in Figure 4. The composite field produced by this substantial component of the cylindrical field around conductor 40 with the field I3 flowing downwardy through the body 4| extends diagonally through the body 4| in a direction generally from the upper right corner of the body 4| to the lower left corner thereof. A resulting magnetostrictive effect is produced, with a shortening of the dimension parallel to the composite field and a lengthening of the dimension perpendicular to that composite field. The body 4| tends therefore to lengthen between its upper left corner and its lower right corner, and tends to shorten between its lower left corner and its upper right corner.

The resulting skewing of the body 4I may be considered as the result of shear forces within the body 4I which tend to move its upper edge toward the left and its lower edge toward the right and which tend to move its left-hand edge upward and its right-hand edge downward, all as illustrated by the arrows at the corners of the body 4|.

If the direction of current flowing through the conductor 40 be reversed, that is, so that the current fiows downwardly through conductor 40,

as from the north pole i to the south pole Il, the direction of the forces acting on the body 4| are reversed, and it skews oppositely. As explained in connection with the preceding figures, the current iiowing through the conductor 40 may be reversed at a frequency equal to the natural frequency of vibration of the body Il in the skew mode described, and the body 4| is by such excitation maintained in a sustained state of oscillation of substantial amplitude. The impedance of the structure as measured between the ends of the conductor 40 is affected by vibration of the body 4l in a manner similar to the effect which may be measured in connection with the structures of Figures 1, 2 and 3.

It has been pointed out in connection with each of the modifications so far described that the body itself must be thin so that the forces which maintain it in sustained oscillation are produced substantially in every incremental portion of the entire mass of the body. In all forms of my invention this condition assures good electromechanlcal coupling between the exciting circuit and the electromechanical oscillator. Electromechanical oscillators incorporating this principle, that substantially all the mass of the oscillator is acted upon by electromagnetic forces to sustain it in oscillation, may be constructed to operate at frequencies as high as may be desired, the only limit being that the vibrating body becomes diiilcult to manipulate at frequencies of the order of many megacycles. As pointed out previously, while only a single exciting conductor is shown by way of illustration, I contemplate in general the use of many conductors arranged like the one shown, and generally arranged in the form of a coil with suitable parts exposed to the vibrating body for its excitation.

In Figure 5 an electromechanically excited oscillating body 50 surrounds, and is concentric with and lies in a plane perpendicular to, a conductor 5i. 'I'he vibrating body 50, which is in the form of a washer, is formed of magnetostrictive material which is permanently magnetized in a circular direction as indicated by the arrow 52. 'Ihe characteristic dimensions, to which attention was called previously in connection with Figure 1, for the vibrating body 50 may be regarded as the thickness, the distance measured W between the inner and outer circumferences of the washer-shaped body 50, and the circumference of a circular portion of the body 50 taken at an intermediate radius between the inner and outer circumferences of the body 50.

When current ows through the conductor 5i downwardly, as indicated by the arrows in Figure 5, a cylindrical magnetic field surrounds the conductor 5| in a clockwise direction looking downward. This cylindrical field around the conductor 5i tends to reenforce the initial magnetization of the washer 50 and the magnetostrictive effect upon the increase in magnetic iiux flowing circularly through the body 50 is to decrease that dimension of the body 5i)` parallel to the increased iiux. That is, the circumference of the body 50 is reduced, giving the appearance that forces represented by arrows 53 pointing inwardly toward the conductor 5I are acting upon the body 50.

Upon a reversal of the current ilowing through the conductor 5D, the circular magnetization of thevibrating body 50 is reduced, and its circumference increases, making it appear as though in such mode.

10 forces represented by arrows 83 had reversed directions to expand the body 50.

As is the case with the systems described previously, alternation of the current flowing through the conductor 5I at the natural frequency of vibration of the body 50 in a mode such that its circumference alternately expands and contracts results in sustaining the oscillation The impedance of the conductor 50 is desirably high at such frequency as with other forms of my invention.

The manner of operation of the structures of Figures 1 through 5 has been explained in some detail. Other forms of my invention are illustrated in subsequent figures, and their structure is described brieily hereinafter with but little explanation of their operation, which is readily perceivable by comparison of the structure with one of the structures previously described whose operation is explained in detail.

In Figure 6 a structure like that of Figure 1 is illustrated, with the difference that the vibrating body 20 of Figure 1 is replaced by a vibrating body 60 in the form of a washer made of conductive material. This structure operates in a fashion similar to that illustrated in Figure 1 except that the mode of oscillationrof the washer 60 is similar to that induced magnetostrictively in the washer 50 in Figure 5. Ii washer 60 be made of ferromagnetic material. oscillation in the same mode may be induced by a structure like that of Figure 2.

In Figure 7 a structure quite similar to that illustrated in Figure 6 is shown, except that a second looped conductor 6i is placed inside the first looped conductor I4, I5, both looped conductors lying in the same plane. Current is caused to now through the two looped conductors in opposite directions, as illustrated by the arrows, and causes the inner part of the washer 60 to expand when the outer part contracts, and causes the inner part to contract when the outer part expands. The radial dimension of the washer 60 is therefore changed, rather than the diametrical dimension as is the case with the washer 60 in Figure 6. This mode of oscillation inherently makes washer 60 operate at a higher frequency than the mode described in connection with Figure 6.

It should be noted in connection with the vlbrating body 60 of Figure 7 that the characteristic dimension which determines the frequency of vibration which is induced in the body is the distance radially between the inner and outer circumferences of the body 60. It is preferred, as in the case with the body 20 of Figure 1, to excite the washer-shaped body 60 of Figure 7 in the fashion described so that its frequency of mechanical vibration is determined by that one of its characteristic dimensions of intermediate magnitude. Excitation in a mode such that the frequency is determined by the intermediate characteristic dimension causes the body to have desirably high impedance.

In Figure 8 there is illustrated a washer 'l0 in which sustained oscillations are induced by magnetostrictive action. To this end. a pole piece 1I projects centrally through the washer 10, and is in a magnetic circuit including serially a yoke 12 and a second pole piece 13 surrounding the body 10. The pole pieces 'Il and 13 maintain a fixed magnetic field radially through all parts of the body 10. A looped conductor 14 is placed near the body l0 and lies in a plane parallel to.

the plane of the body 10. so that the cylindrical ileld surrounding each portion of the conductor 14 when it carries current has a substantial component passing radially through thebody 10.

The fixed field through the body 18 combined with the alternating field induced in the body 10 by current going through the conductor 14 forms a composite eld which produces a magnetostrictive effect in the body 10 so that it oscillates in a fashion similar to the mode of oscillation of the washer 60 of Figure '7.

In Figure 9 a washer 80 of magnetostrlctive material is permanently magnetized in a circular direction and placed in a plane parallel to the plane in which a looped conductor 8| lies. As with the structure illustrated in Figure 8, current flowing through the looped conductor 8| produces an alternating eld radially through the body 80, and this alternating radial field acts with the permanent circular field in each section taken circularly around the body 8|) in a manner simllar to the action of the two fields described in the structure of Figure 4. There results a shear mode of oscillation in which the outer circumference of the magnetostrictive body 88 tends to rotate in one direction while the inner part of the body 80 tends to rotate in the opposite direction, as indicated by the arrows on the body 88 in Figure 9.

While it might be thought, from a consideration of the fact that the arrows on the body 88 of Figure 9 indicate shearing forces which produce circumferential motion of material in the body 80, that its natural frequency of vibration is determined by its circumferential dimension, actually the natural frequency of vibration of the body 80 is determined by the radial distance between the inner and outer circumferences of the body, in the same manner as that characteristic dimension determines the natural frequency of vibration of the body B of Figure 7. Since the modulus of elasticity in shear for the body 88 is different from the modulus of elasticity in compression for the body 80 of Figure 7, the actual frequencies of vibration of these two bodies are widely different, even though their actual characteristic dimensions are identical.

In Figure the washer 81, instead of being permanently magnetized, is placed in a fixed magnetic field between pole pieces 82 and 83, disposed on opposite sides of the body 81. Flux passes from pole piece 82 in parallel paths through the opposite sides of the body 81 and into the pole piece 83. Reaction of this flux with flux induced in the body 81 by current flowing in the looped conductor 8| causes a magnetostrictive effect in each of the opposite halves of the body 81 similar to that caused in the body 88 in the structure of Figure 8, except that the shear action in the opposite halves of the body 81 is oppositely directed. That is. the inner portion of onehalf of the body 81 tends to rotate in one direction while the outer portion of that half tends to rotate in the opposite direction, but the inner portion of the opposite half of the body 81 tends to rotate oppositely to the inner portion of the first half, while-the outer portion of such opposite half of the body 81 tends to rotate oppositely both to the inner portion of that opposite half and to the outer portion of the first half of the body 81. This type of shear oscillation may be termed a double shear mode, in which tensile and compressive forces are produced in the body 81 along a line parallel to the field between pole pieces 82 and 83 and substantially bisecting the body 81.

The mode of oscillation experienced by the body 81 in the structure of Figure 10 is inherently of a somewhat higher frequency for the same sized body as the mode of oscillation experienced by the body 88 in the structure of Figure 9. The two opposite side portions of the body 81 of Figure 10 vibrate in substantially pure shear oscillation, but portions of the body 81 nearest thf poles 82 and 88 vibrate substantially in a compressional mode. Since the compressional force acts between the shearing forces in opposite halves of the body, and in effect couples these oppositely acting shearing forces in the two halves of the body 81, the frequency of the shearing vibration in this mode is somewhat higher than where the same body vibrates in pure shear, as in the case of the body 80 in Figure 9. That is, if the washer-shaped bodies 8|) and 81 of Figures 9 and l0 be otherwise identical, the difierence in the frequency of vibration may be considered as the result of operating the two vibrating bodies in the two different modes of oscillation possible with a system which has two resonant portions coupled together. One mode of oscillation exists where the two resonant portions are coupled so as to oscillate in phase as one resonant structure, while the other mode of oscillation takes place where the two resonant parts oscillate out of phase at a higher frequency.

In Figure l1 there is illustrated a structure which is in most respects identical with that illustrated in Figure l0, the only difference being that the center hole 84 of a body 88, similar otherwise to body 81 of Figure l0, is extended at points 85 and 86 in the direction of the field between pole pieces 82 and 88. It has been found that removal of the material to form the notches 85 anad 88 in the central hole 85 of the body 88 is effective to cause the entire mass of the body 88 to be excited somewhat more efficiently than is the case with the structure of Figure l0. That is, excitation is supplied substantially more nearly to the entire mass of the body 88 as shaped in the structure of Figure 11 than as in the structure of Figure 10. The body 88 with the notches 88 and 88 is capable of substantially higher frequency vibration than without the notches, provided the notches are so shaped as to remove substantial mass from the body 88.

If the notches 88 and 88 be so shaped as to remove substantially no mass from the body 88, as for example by making these notches in the shape of very narrow slots, it is found that the frequency of vibration of the body 88 is lower after the slot has been formed. This effect is produced because the compressional forces between the two halves of the body vibrating in the shear are reduced, reducing the ratio of vibrating force in the body to its mass. This phenomenon may be found useful in adjusting the operating frequency of such a vibrator during its manufacture.

In Figure 12 a thin piece of conducting material 98, shaped in the form of a capital H, is placed in and with its major surfaces perpendicular to a magnetic field 8| between pole pieces 92 and 93. Near a face of one arm 84 of the H- shaped piece there is placed an exciting coil 95 in the same relation to the arm 84 as is the looped conductor |4, I5 to the body 28 in Figure 1. Similarly, a second coil 88 is placed in exciting relation with the other arm 81 of the body 88.

When the coil 85 is excited with current of suitable frequency, oscillations are induced in the arm 84 of the H-shaped body S8, and, by mechanical coupling, the other arm 91 of the body 90 is caused to vibrate and induce a corresponding alternating voltage in the coll 96 which is electrodynamically related to it. The frequency of the induced oscillations in the arm 94 is determined by that characteristic dimension of the body 90 which is the width of the arm QI between the arrows shown in Figure 12. It is assumed, of course, that the arm 91 is of substantially the saine width as the arm 94, and that the connecting portion between the two arms is approximately the same width also.

This arrangement is particularly suitable for use as a fllter in which a wave impressed across one of the coils 95 and 96 appears ln substantial intensity in the other coil only if the frequency of the wave is near` the natural frequency of vibration of the body 90. When the body 90 is formed of aluminum, the signal transferred between the two coils at the resonant frequency of the body 90 is of the order of 20 to 25 decibels greater than when the signal is of substantially diilerent frequency. The quality factor of the fllter formed by the structure is of the order of 10,000. That is, the band width at one megacycle is of the order of 100 cycles.

In Figure 13 a somewhat different form of ill` ter is illustrated in which the coils 95 and 96 are electromechanically coupled to the opposite sides of a washer |00. Each of the coils 95 and 96 produces, in the washer |00 to which it is coupled, oscillations like those induced in the washer 60 of Figure 7 by the double looped conductor illustrated there.

In Figure 14 a thin walled cylinder ||0 of magnetostrictlve material is placed concentrically around a conductor III. The cylinder is cylindrically permanently magnetized.

Reaction between currents flowing in the conductor and the permanently magnetized cylinder ||0 is similar to the reaction between the washer 50 and current flowing in the conductor of Figure 5. Vibration of the cylinder at its natural frequency by alternate radial expansion and contraction is produced, and an increase of impedance at such natural frequency occurs between the ends of conductor I I.

The three characteristic dimensions of the thin walled cylinder or tube of Figure 14 are its length, the thickness of its wall, and the circumference of a circular portion of the cylinder at a radius intermediate its inner and outer circumferences. This last circumference is the characteristic dimension which determines its natural frequency of vibration in the mode of oscillation induced by the structure of Figure 14, and it should be noted that it is of magnitude intermediate the magnitudes of the other two characteristic dimensions.

It is notable that eillcient excitation of the cylinder I I 0 is possible because it is made thin walled, whereby substantially every incremental portion of its entire mass is acted upon by the magnetostrictive reaction between the oscillating field around conductor III and the permanent magnetization in the cylinder I0.

The conductor Ill, which extends centrally through the cylinder ||0, is bent back and a part ||2 is placed parallel and close to the outside of the cylinder ||0, so that the cylindrical field surrounding the part ||2 of the conductor reenforces the cylindrical field surrounding the conductor so that even more eilicient operation is attained. That is, when current flows through the conductor I| in the direction indicated by the arrows, flux exists around the conductor III within the cylinder ||0 in the direction of the circular arrow marked on the end of the cylinder ||0. Also current flowing in the direction indicated by the arrows through the part ||2 of the conductor |'|0 is accompanied by a flux around the part ||2 in such direction that flux induced within that part of the cylinder ||0 between the two legs of the conductor I|| is in reinforcing relationship. Still better eillciency may be attained by providing, instead of the part I I2 of the conductor for returning the current close to the outside of the cylinder H0, a conducting cylinder larger than the cylinder ||0 and placed concentrically with it and outside of it. The current then flows through the cylinder ||0 along conductor I and in the opposite direction back around the cylinder ||0 through the added conductive cylinder which replaces the part ||2 of conductor In Figure 15 there is illustrated an electrical circuit, inside dotted rectangle |26, which circuit is electrically equivalent to any of the structuresV illustrated in Figures 1 through 14 excited by a single coil or conductor. The mechanically vibrating body appears electrically to the single exciting coil or conductor as a parallel tuned circuit including an inductance |20 and a condenser |2|. Due to internal mechanical damping within the mechanically vibrating body, there is some power loss in the body itself, and such loss is represented in the tuned circuit |20 and |2I by a resistance |22 connected in shunt to the lnductance |20 and to the condenser I2 I. The coupling or exciting coil or conductor has inductance and loss resistance which, measured when the coil is in the presence of the vibrating body at frequencies in the general range of but not near the natural frequency oi' vibration of the vibrating body, are represented respectively by an inductance |23 and a resistance |24 connected in series with the tuned circuit |20, |2| and |22. The impedance represented by inductance |20, resistance |22 and conductor |2| connected in parallel with one another is termed the "reflected motional impedance of each one of the vibratory systems. It is this reflected motional impedance which, irr the case of a filter circuit, produces sharp cutoii characteristics and in the case of oscillators causes the oscillator connected thereto to be highly stabilized. This reflected motional impedance expresses itself physically by electromagnetic reaction between current flowing in the body, poles formed on the body, or in the case of magnetostrictive devices by change in magnetization. That is, the electrical circuit constants |20, |2| and |22 are manifested only when the body vibrates and represents only that'contribution due to vibration oi.' the body. It is, oi.' course, 'desirable to make the magnitude of resistance |22 as large as possible in comparison to the magnitude of resistance |24 and for that reason as shown in each one of the modifications herein the vibratory body is vibrated in a mode determined by an intermediate dimension.

The schematic diagram of Figure 15 illustrates a circuit inside rectangle |26 which is the electrical equivalent of any form of the invention shown in the preceding figures in which one exciting coil is used including Figure 2 when coil I0 and the coil comprising legs I4, I5 are considered as one coil. By way of example, for one particular embodiment of the invention shown in Figures 11 and 23 wherein the modified washer-shaped vibrator had an outside diameter of .267 inch. inner diameter of .25 inch, a thickness of .010 inch and the edges defining the cut-out portions were tangent to the inner circular edge. In such an arrangement the velocity of Wave propagation in the vibrator when vibrating in shear was such that the vibrator was suitable for operation at one megacycle, the elements of the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 15 being substantially as follows: The inductance |20 is '700 micro-microhenrys and the capacity |2| is 3'? microfarads. The resistance |22 is 60 ohms. The inductance |23 is 25 microhenrys and the resistance |24 is 60 ohms.

All forms of the invention correspond to an equivalent circuit in which the relative magnitudes of the elements are much the same as those described. In such an arrangement the reactance is predominantly inductive throughout the entire range of frequencies and departs substantially from the inductance which would be expected if the vibrating body did not vibrate only at frequencies near the frequency at which the inductance |20 and condenser |2| are resonant, that is, at frequencies at which the body vibrates with substantial intensity. Since the internal damping of the mechanical vibrator represented by resistance |22 is relatively small, the band of frequencies within which the inductance |20 and capacity |2| affect the reactance of the device is relatively small. As frequency increases through this relatively small band of frequencies, the reactance of the device rst increases more rapidly than is to be expected for a system in which the vibrating body does not vibrate, and reaches a maximum below the frequency at which the capacity |2| resonates with the inductance |20. Thereafter, the reactance decreases rapidly, becoming lower than is to be expected for a system in which the vibrating body does not vibrate, until it reaches a minimum which may be still inductively reactive or which may even be capacitively reactive. At this minimum point, the combination of inductance |20 and capacity |2| appears capacitive. If the capacitive reactance of this combination of inductance |20 and capacity |2| were sufcient. it would resonate in series with the inductance |23. The capacitive reactance of the combination is not usually, however, sufficient to produce such series resonance, but is usually only sufllcient to cause a minimum inductive reactance g of the device at a frequency near which the device would otherwise be series resonant. As the frequency increases still further the reactance increases from this minimum and approaches the reactance of a system in which the vibrating body does not vibrate.

In order to make the device most easily usable. I prefer to utilize the parallel resonance of the inductance |20. and capacity |2| in the absence of effect from the inductance |23. To that end, I provide a coupling condenser |25 whose capacitive reactance is just sufficient to resonate with the inductance |23 at the resonant frequency of the inductance |20 and capacity |2| When the various elements of the device are of the magnitude previously described, by way of example, the capacity |25 is about 1,000 micro-microfarads. With such an arrangement including the condenser |25, I am able to utilize the property of a device embodying my invention of having a maximum impedance at a certain frequency and of having a much lower impedance at frequencies only slightly above or below the frequency at which maximum impedance occurs.

In Figure 16 an arrangement for utilizing a device construe? :d in accordance with my invention in such fashion is illustrated. An oscillator including an electron discharge device |30 is arranged together with a device constructed in accordance with my invention, and represented schematically by inductance |3|, capacity |32. and inductance |33, so that the combination only oscillates very nearly at the frequency at which the inductance |3| and capacity |32 have maximum impedance. For the sake of simplicity I have omitted illustration of resistances |22 and |24, and it is further to be remembered that the inductance |3|, condenser |32 and inductance |33 are elements forming a circuit which is only the electrical equivalent of a device embodying my invention. The device represented by elements |3|, |32 and |33 is coupled to a coupling coil |34 through a coupling condenser |35. The coupling coil |34 is inductively coupled to an inductance coil |36 which is connected between the positive terminal of a source |31 of operating potential for the device |30 and the anode |38 of the device |30. The cathode |38 of the device |30 is connected to the negative terminal of source |31 and to ground. A tuning condenser |40 is connected in shunt to the inductance |36 and is resonant with the inductance |36 at approximately the same frequency at which the device of my invention exhibits maximum impedance. That is, the inductance |36 and capacity |40 are resonant at about the same frequency as that at which the inductance |3| is resonant with the capacity |32.

A grid resistance |4| is connected between the cathode |39 and control electrode |42 of discharge device |30. A third coupling inductance |43, which is inductively coupled to the inductances |36 and |34, is connected at one end to the cathode |39 and at the other end through a coupling condenser |44 to the control electrode |42 of discharge device |30.

Any voltage variation of the anode |30 with respect to the cathode |39, caused by a current change in the inductance |36, causes a corresponding voltage change across the coil |43, which is so poled as to cause a voltage change on the control electrode |42 in such sense as to cause a further change in the same direction in the discharge current flowing between the anode |33 and cathode |39, and correspondingly in the voltage therebetween, in the device |30. Such is the necessary condition for sustained oscillation of a circuit connected with an electron discharge device. If the device of my invention were not coupled to the tuned circuit |36, |40, that tuned circuit would determine the frequency at which such sustained oscillation takes place. With the device of my invention coupled with the tuned circuit |36, |40, the overall impedance characteristic of the entire system is altered so that sustained oscillation takes place at a frequency very near that of the resonant circuit |3|, |32. in which resonant circuit the least damping is present.

Expressed in another manner, the tuned circuit |36, |40, being relatively highly damped, has a phase shift which varies relatively slowly as frequency changes. Similarly, the series resonant circuit formed by the coupling condenser |35 with the inductances |34 and |33, is also relatively highly damped, and has a relatively slowly varying phase shift upon frequency change. On the other hand, the phase shift of the tuned circuit |3|, |32 upon frequency change is extremely rapid, with theresult that the reactance l introduced into the network by the tunedl circuit* |3i, |32 upon very slight changes in frequency is suicient to reduce the tendency to osciliate at such slightly different frequencies and so forces oscillation to be maintained only at a frequency determined substantially entirely by the tuned circuit |52. In order to make it possible for the resonant circuit |3i, |32 to exert a strong stabilizing influence on the associated oscillating circuit, it is essential that the following condition be met, i. e., that a relatively large reac tive current flows through coil |34 when the frequency of oscillation tends to deviate from a predetermined frequency, but that very little current flows through coil |54 at such predetermined frequency. Referring back to Figure 15 wherein the circuit constants of Figure 16 are more completely shown and in which the last resistance |24 and the resistive part |22 of the reflected motional impedance are represented, it is apparent that such condition for current flow is met b est when resistance |22 is large in comparison to resistance |24.

It has been found that for a given vibratory body and mode of vibration the resistances |22 and |24 increase with the number of turns in the exciting or coupling coil in about the same proportion and hence merely increasing the number of turns on such coil will not itself improve stabilization. According to this invention, a satisfactory ratio of these resistances |22 and |24 is obtained by increasing a dimension of the vibratory body which is substantially perpendicular to that dimension which determines the mode and frequency of vibration. Practical embodiments of the present invention are obtained if such di mension perpendicular to the frequency determining dimension is increased to such a point that its magnitude is substantially larger than the frequency determining dimension. For exare illustrated in Figures 12 and 13 in which two coupling coils are -used with a single vibrating member, each coupling coil being arranged so that it may be used to excite the vibrating member bythe reaction between currents induced in the vibrating member from the coupling coil and a fixed magnetic field. Voltages are induced in the other coupling coil from the vibrating member as it moves in the nxed field.

The vibrating body |52 shown in Figure 17 is illustrated as in the form of a washer. Dotted line |55 between coils |50 and 5| indicates that magnetic linkage directly between the colis |50 and |5| is minimized as far as possible. In this form of oscillator, a tuned amplifier is Yconnected between the inductances |50 and |5|, the input of the amplifier being connected to one inductance and the output to the other, whereby the attenuation between coils |50 and |5| is least at the frequency at which oscillation is desired, so that sustained oscillation can take place only at the one desired frequency.

The tuned ampliiler includes an electron discharge device |54 with a parallel resonant circuit including inductance |55 and capacity |55 connected between the anode |51 of the discharge f device |54 and the positive terminal of a source ample, in the embodiment found in Figure 8,

the frequency of vibration is determined by the radial width of they body 10 and the circumferential length of the body which represents a dimension perpendicular to that of radial width may be ten or more times langer than the radial width.

It has been known that Athe skin effect noticeable at high frequencies prevents penetration of electromagnetic energy into a body of appreciable thickness. Therefore, in accordance with this invention the vibratory body is so shaped that it has three dimensions of substantially different magnitude-the shortest dimension allowing excitation of substantially all incremental portions of the body, the largest dimension providing a large amount of useful reflected motional impedance-and a structure is associated with such vibratory body such that there is provided excitation in the body in a mode and frequency determined by its intermediate dimension. It is noted that in all of the arrangements shown herein the exciting coil and associated magnetic structure is arranged such, in relationship to the vibratory body, that substantially all incremental portions of such body are vibrated in a mode and frequency determined by its smallest or thickness dimension.

In Figure 17 a different form of oscillator is illustrated in which a device constructed according to my invention is utilized, which device has two exciting coils |50 and |5i, or somewhat more properly speaking, two coupling coils coupled to the same vibratory member |52. Such devices |58 of operating potential for the device |54. The cathode |55 of device |54 is connected to the negative terminal of source |58 and to ground. A grid resistance |50 is connected between cathode |55 and control electrode |5| of device |54, and a tuned circuit including inductance |52 and capacity |53 is coupled across the grid resistance 50 through a coupling condenser |54.

The output tuned circuit |55, |55 of the ampliiier |54 is inductively coupled to an inductance coil |55 which is connected through a coupling condenser |55 across the coupling coil i5| associated with the vibrating body |52, Similarly, the input tuned circut i 52, |53 of the amplifier |54 is inductively coupled to a coupling inductance |81, which is connected through capacity |58 across the coupling coil |50. which is also associated with vibrating body |52.

In order to minimize interaction between the output tuned'circuit |55, |55 and the input tuned circuit |52, |53 by reason of capacitive coupling between the anode |51 and control electrode 5| of discharge device |54, a screen electrode |59 is interposed between the anode |51 and control electrode |5|, This screen electrode |55 is maintained at a positive potential with respect to cathode |58 by connection through a resistance |10 to the positive terminal of source |58 and is maintained at a constant potential by connection through a condenser |1| to the cathode |59.

Operation of the oscillator illustrated in Figure 17 may be better understood by reference to Figure 18 in which there is illustrated in dotted rectangle |8il a circuit which is the electrical equivalent of the device shown diagrammatically in Figure 1'7 by the coupling inductances |50 and |5| and the vibrating body |52. The mechanically resonant body |52 is represented in Figure 18 by a resonant circuit including inductance and condenser |8i, and, since there is internal damping in the body, the damping is represented by a resistance |82 connected in shunt to the inductance |80 and condenser |8|. The reactance which appears electrically between the terminals of coil |50 when body |52 is not vibrating is represented bythe inductance |83 and the resistance therebetween by resistance |84. A condenser |85 is provided in series with the coil |50 and is of such at the resonant frequency of the circuit including i 'inductance |80 and condenser I8I. This coupling condenser |85 serves the same purpose as the condenser |25 provided in Figure 15.

The elements thus far described are identical with those illustrated in Figure 15 and function in like manner. When two coupling coils are provided, the effect of the second coupling coil electrically appears in Figure 18 as an inductance |85 and a resistance |81 connected in series with each other and with the resonant circuit |80 and |8|. A condenser |88 is connected in series with the coil |5| for the same purpose as the condenser |85.

Inspection of circuit of Figure 18 indicates that it operates by transmitting energy through coupling condenser` |85 to the tuned circuit |80, I8| and then through the coupling condenser |88, such transmission being possible only when the impedance of the tuned circuit |80, |8| is substantial. That is, there is no substantial transfer of energy from coupling condenser |85 to coupling condenser |88 at frequencies at which the tuned circuit |80, I8| is not resonant, and there is substantial transfer of energy at the resonant frequency of that circuit.

In Figure 19 there is illustrated a resistance network which is equivalent to the circuit of Figure 18 at the resonant frequency of the circuit |80, I8I. Resistances |84 and |81 appear serially between the input and output of the network, and resistance |82 appears in shunt to the signal path between resistances |84 and |81. This resistance |82 is the eective resistance of the tuned circuit |80. |8| at its resonant frequency. With this resistance in shunt to the signal path, it is evident that signals are readily transferred through the network.

In Figure 20 there is illustrated a network which is equivalent to the equivalent circuit of Figure 18 at frequencies other than the frequency at which the circuit |80, |8| is resonant. At such other frequencies, the impedance of the circuit |80, I8I is vanishingly small, so that the resistances |84 and |81 appear to be connected respectively across the input and the output of the network, with the result that substantially no signal is transferred between the input and the output of the network.

Such analysis of the operation of the mechanical vibrator |52, together with the coupling coils |50 and |5I of Figure 17, makes it quite evident that attenuation is extremely great between the coupling coils |50 and I5| except at the resonant frequency of the vibrator |52. It is only at that frequency at which attenuation is least that the tuned amplier including discharge device |54 maintains sustained oscillation.

The tuned circuits |55, |56 and |62, |63 of the amplifier are, of course, resonant approximately at the frequency of the vibrating body |52, and the coupling condensers |86 and |68 are made of such size that the coupling circuits in which they are connected are also resonant at about the same frequency.

In Figures 21 to 25 there are illustrated various parts of a preferred embodiment of my invention. In Figure 21 a casing 200 of insulating material is provided with a standard vacuum tube base 20| and encloses and supports a metal mounting plate 202. On one side of the base plate 202 within the container 200 there is mounted a structure arranged to produce a fixed magnetic field and to support in that fixed field a mechanical vibrator constructed according to my invention and coupled to two coupling coils. This structure includes two L-shaped P018 Pim 203 and 204, of which the short arms face each other lying in the same plane and are terminated in arcuate portions 205 and 206, respectively, between which circular pieces may be inserted. Between the long parallel portions of the L-shaped pole pieces 203 and 204 a magnet 201 is placed. This magnet 201 is preferably made of magnetic material capable of retaining a large amount of magnetic energy per unit volume and is so magnetized as to maintain magnetic flux between the arcuate portions 205 and 206 of the pole pieces 203 and 204.

In Figure 22 there is shown an assembly view of a mechanically vibratory body 2I0 and a pair of coupling coils 2| I and 2 I2 arranged to be held between the arcuate portions 205 and 206 of pole pieces 203 and 204. The vibratory body 2I0 is of the type which is excited by magnetostriction. and is similar to that illustrated in Figure l1 in its shape and in its mode of oscillation. The vibratory body 2|0 is held in place between the pole pieces 203 and 204 by being laid around a shoulder 2 |3 formed centrally on a double screwended stud 2|4. Above the vibratory body 2I0 and the shoulder 2 3, which is sufllciently thicker than the body 2I0 to allow it clearance within which to vibrate, there is stacked consecutively a thin washer of hard insulating material 2I5, coil 2| I, a washer 2|6 of hard insulating material with a suitable space cut away for the coil 2| I, a third washer 2I1 of insulating material, a spring lock washer 2I8, and a nut 2 I 9 tightened down on the screw-threaded end of the stud 2|4. Below the shoulder 2I3 there is stacked a thin washer 220 of hard insulating material, coil 2|2, a second washer 22| similar to the washer 2|5. a third washer 222 similar to the washer 2|1l and a lock washer 223 and nut 224 similar to the washer 2I8 and nut 2I8.

A hole 225 is drilled through the washer 2I6 from the opening in which coil 2li is placed, and a channel 226 is formed along the lower surface of the washer 2|1 from the hole 225 to the outer circumference of the washer 2I1, and through this hole and channel the two connecting wires for the coil 2II are brought out where connection may be made to them. Similarly, a hole 221 is drilled through the washer 206 from the space within which the coil 2|2 is placed and a charmed 228 is formed along the surface of the washer 222 leading from the hole 221 to the outside of the assembly so that the connecting Wires from the coil 2I2 may be brought through the hole 221 and channel 228 to the outside.

In operation, excitation of one of the coils 2|I or 2|2 excites the washer-shaped vibratory body 2I0 in the same manner as explained in connection with the devices of Figures 10 and 1l. Vibration of the body 2I0 in the fixed magnetic field between the pole pieces 203 and 204 induces voltages in the other coil of the pair of coupling coils 2| I and 2|2.

Shielding is provided between the coils 2|| and 2I2 by the vibratory body 2I0 itself as well as by the shoulder 213 formed on the stud 2I4, and to some extent by the the pole pieces 203 and 204. In order to make this shielding more nearly perfect, a copper washer 230 is assembled with the parts described in the preceding paragraph and just fits around the thin washer 2|5. A washer 23| of yieldable material is placed between the washer 230 and the washer 2I6 so as to ill up the space therebetween and seal the space within which the coil 2| I is placed, at

the same time allowing for manufacturing 1naccuracles in the assembly of the whole.

In Figure 23 the parts with the exception of coils 2li and 2i2 which are shown assembled in Figure 22 are illustrated in an exploded view, and the same parts are 'given like reference characters. The method of assembly of the structure shown in Figure 22 is readily seen in this exploded view.

It is particularly notable that the shape of the shoulder 2|3 on the stud 2id is such that'it fits within the notches 232 and 233 on opposite sides of the hole centrally through the vibratory body 2i0. As wasv explained previously, the removal of some material of the vibratory body 2in so as to leave notches 232 and 233 is eiective to increase the frequency of operation of the body 2in without decreasing its diameter. At the same time. these notches 232 and 233 serve another important purpose in that they provide that the body 2i0 shall remain not only located centrally with respect to the stud 2M but also so that it cannot turn around that stud.

It is important to prevent the washer 2li) from rotating with respect to the magnet pole pieces 203 and 204 for a number of reasons. It is possible for a body of the shape of the washer 2l0 to vibrate only in two directions in a flat dimension, and these directions are-primarily determined by the direction in which the metal was originally worked into shape. One of these possible directions is the direction in which the metal was so worked and the other the direction normal to that first direction. The natural frequencies of vibration of the body 2|0 in the two different directions are substantially different. If the body 2I0 were allowed to rotate, it would oscillate mechanically rst at one frequency and then at the other, corresponding to the two different moduli of elasticity in the two directions, one with the grain of the metal in the direction it was originally worked and the other across that grain.

Furthermore, if the washer 2|0 should rotate, its orientation with respect to the ield between the pole pieces 203 and 204 changes, which simultaneously affects the natural frequency of vibration of the washer 2li) and changes the reaction between the coupling coils 2li and 2|2 and the washer 2i0. It is therefore very desirable to prevent the Washer 2i0 from rotating with respect to the pole pieces 203 and 204.

Most devices capable of operating at a constant frequency are most desirabiy so constructed that temperature changes have little or no iniluence upon their frequency of operation. It is evident from the equivalent circuits shown in Figures and 18 that constant frequency operation of devices constructed according to my invention is dependent substantially in its entirety upon the constancy of the frequency at which the circuits, including inductance and condenser |2| in Figure 15 or inductance |80 and condenser ISI in Figure 18, oscillate. This means that the constancy of frequency of a device constructed in accordance with my invention is dependent substantially only on the constancy of the frequency of mechanical vibration of the vibratory body itself.

The frequency of mechanical vibration of a body is dependent primarily upon its density and dimensions and upon Young's modulus of the material of which it is constructed. Any ma- 22 terial is suitable for making vibrators according to my invention whose natural frequency of vibration does not change upon change in temperature. Such materials are those in which the dimensions and the Youngs modulus do not change upon change in temperature, or those in which any change in dimensions upon change in temperature is counteracted in its ei'fect upon the operating frequency by an equal and opposite effect produced by change in the Young's modulus upon change in temperature.

The material known as Invar. consisting of 63.8% iron, 36% nickel, and 0.2% carbon, is not desirable for use in constructing a vibratory body according to my invention for most purposes. While the dimensions of this material change very little upon changes in temperature. the Youngs modulus changes'in very great degree. Consequently, a vibratory body formed of this material changes its operating frequency greatly vupon changes in temperature.

Materials are known of which it is said that the elasticity is invariable with temperaturel and these materials are in general suitable for the construction of vibratory bodies according to my invention. An example of one alloy composition, which has magnetostrictive properties, and which is suitable is one formed of 34 to 38% nickel, 8 to 12% chromium, and the remainder iron. Such a material has a natural frequency of vibration which is substantially independent of temperature changes. `A piece of it does not substantially change its dimensions or its Young's modulus upon change in temperature. It is evident, from the fact that its operating frequency does not change upon change in temperature, that any slight change in dimension is subst tially compensated by a compensatory changgn the Youngs modulus.

These alloys whose mechanical vibrating frequency does not change substantially upon changes in temperature may be obtained in sheet form and, after having been shaped appropriately in accordance with my invention to produce a vibrating body of desired shape and of suitable size to produce a desired operating frequency, must be treated in suitable fashionv to have most desirable operating characteristics. The sheets in which these alloys are available are in general cold rolled, and have an undesirably large internal damping, represented by resistance |22 in Figure 15. They also have sometimes been found to have a coefficient of frequency change upon temperature change which is substantially zero around normal room temperatures, but which is negative at higher temperatures such as may be conveniently maintained constant by means of a thermostat and heater. I have determined that annealing is very desirable in the construction of a vibratory body according to my invention in order'to reduce such high internal damping to a satisfactorily low value. At the same time for certain forms of my invention, such annealing may be made to raise to a suitable degree above room temperatures the temperature at which the coeiilcient of frequency change upon temperature change is substantially zero.

In annealing, for example. one of the vibratory elements of my invention of the type described in Figure 4, its operating frequency is raised to a slight extent so that it must be initially shaped before annealing so that its operating frequency after annealing is very near the nnally desired operating frequency. This is necessary because I have found that the nrst annealing of one of the vibratory bodies of my invention is eective to reduce the internal damping to a desirably low value, but that, if it is necessary to reanneal the body, the internal damping cannot always be reduced to such a desirably low value again.

The annealing procedure is as follows. The vibratory body, suitably shaped to operate at a frequency just enough lower than its finally desired frequency so that after annealing it will operate very near the desired frequency, is raised to a temperature in the order of 450 centigrade for a time in the order of one to thirty minutes. This is the maximum temperature to which the body is subjected and that maximum temperature substantially determines the temperature at which the resulting vibratory element has a zero coefficient of frequency change upon temperature change. The maximum annealing temperatures which I have used are designed to cause the temperature at which this zero coefficient results to be about 55 centigrade. Such a temperature of the vibrating body may conveniently be maintained constant by a thermostat and electric heater.

After such initial annealing at the maximum temperature, the frequency is checked and should be slightly lower than the finally desired frequency. A suitable minute amount of the material of the vibrating element is removed to raise the frequency to the final desired operating frequency. Thereafter, the body is further annealed at a lower temperature, which is sufficiently high that the internal damping of the body, after heating for a time in the order of a half hour, is desirably reduced.

The second part of the annealing process is desirable not only because it reduces damping but also because it substantially eliminates any change of operating frequency and internal damping of the body upon ageing, provided the final stage of annealing is of sufficiently long duration.

Care must be taken during every stage of the manufacture of the vibratory element to avoid subjecting it to unnecessary stress, which results in undesirable characteristics of the finished body. It is particularly important after the first part of the annealing process and when the minute amount of material is removed from the element to avoid subjecting it to any appreciable stress in order that the internal damping of the finished vibrating element shall be low.

This annealing process for adjusting the frequency coeflicient of temperature is applicable to any vibrating system which operates in a manner analogous to that of Figure 4. There are systems, such as that of Figure 3, in which annealing has little eiect on the frequency coefficient of temperature.

As has been pointed out, in the preferred form of my invention, in which the vibrating body has been annealed so that it has desirably low internal damping and a zero frequency temperature ooeiiicient at an elevated temperature, it is desirable to provide a thermostat and heater to maintain the vibrating body and its coupling coils at such elevated temperature. To this end, the structure illustrated in Figure 21 is provided with such a heater and thermostat as illustrated in Figure 24, This heater and thermostat structure of Figure 24 is arranged so that it may conveniently be attached to the back of the supporting plate 202 illustrated in Figure 2l. This supporting plate 202 is preferably of heat conducting material, and the easing 200 is closed, so that the thermostat and heater upon being enersized may Quickly raise the entire inside of the casing to a constant elevated temperature.

In Figure 24 the thermostat supporting plate 24| is provided with holes 24| and 242 through which the plate 240 and the attached thermostat and heater may be attached to the back of the supporting plate 202 of Figure 21. A heater including a heat resisting insulating sheet 242, through which a resistance wire 244 is threaded is attached to the back of the plate 240 so that it lies between plate 240 and the supporting plate 202 of Figure 21.

Three posts 24B, extending outwardly from the plate 240, s upport a circular snap-acting thermostat disk 240 at three points around its circumference, so that contacts actuated by movement of its central portion are opened as its temperature rises, and are closed as its temperature drops below the predetermined temperature for which the vibrating body is annealed to have a zero coefficient of frequency change upon temperature change.

In Figure 25 there is shown a side view of the thermostat and heater structure of Figure 24, and identical elements are given like reference characters. In this edge View, one contact 241 is illustrated centrally afilxed to the circular thermostat disk 240, and the other contact 24| is illustrated as being attached to a conducting supporting member 24S which is supported on the plate 240 by insulating supports 250 and 20|.

An operating circuit is formed through the heater, thermostat and a terminal pin of the base 20| (Figure 21) by connecting one end of the resistance wire 244 to an appropriate pin of the base 20| and the other end of the resistance wire 244 to the conducting member 240. The contact 241, being electrically in connection with the thermostat disk 246. and plates 240 and 202, is connected to another pin of the base 20| by a suitable connection from that pin to the plate 240. Suitable means is provided to adjust the spacing at a predetermined temperature between the contacts 241 and 240, whereby the temperature which is maintained by the thermostat and heater may be adjusted to any desired value. As explained previously, the adjustment of this temperature is such that the temperature maintained within the casing 200 is that for which the coeillcient of frequency change upon temperature change of the vibrating body is substantially zero.

In Figure 26 there is illustrated in rectangle 260 the equivalent circuit for a vibrating body and coupling coils such as that shown in Figure 22, in which undesired coupling directly between two coupling coils coupled to the same vibrating body is represented by an inductance 20| and resistance 262. This equivalent circuit is similar to that illustrated in Figure 18, and identical elements are given like reference characters.

In Figure 27 there is illustrated the actual circuit connection of the operating coils of a vibrator constructed according to my invention with a compensating inductance 263 and resistance 204 to compensate for undesired coupling between coil |50 and |5|, as represented by inductance 26| and resistance 262 of Figure 26. When the oscillator of Figure 17, for example, is connected. the coupling coil |61 is in series circuit relation with coupling condenser |00, operating coil |50, inductance 263, and resistance 204. Similarly, the coupling inductance of Figure 17 

